Tamanho do efeito em estudos observacionais na área de Saúde Bucal Coletiva: importância, cálculo e interpretação / Size effect in observational studies in Public Oral Health: importance, calculation and interpretation

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a literatura científica da área de saúde bucal coletiva quanto ao cálculo, apresentação e discussão do tamanho do efeito em estudos observacionais. A literatura cientifica na área (2015 a 2019) foi analisada quanto: a) informações gerais (periódico e diretrizes aos autores, número de variáveis e desfechos), b) objetivo e coerência com o cálculo amostral apresentado; c) tamanho do efeito (apresentação, medida utilizada e coerência com a discussão dos dados e conclusão). Foram analisados 123 artigos, de 66 periódicos. A maioria dos artigos avaliados apresenta um único desfecho (74%) e não menciona a realização de cálculo amostral (69,9%). Dentre os que realizaram, para 70,3% havia coerência entre o cálculo amostral utilizado e o objetivo. Apenas 3,3% dos artigos mencionam o termo tamanho do efeito e 24,4% não o consideram na discussão dos resultados, apesar de terem calculado. A regressão logística foi a metodologia estatística mais utilizada (98,4%) e o Odds Ratio a medida de tamanho do efeito mais utilizada (94,3%), embora não tenha sido citada e discutida como uma medida de tamanho do efeito na maioria dos estudos (96,7%). Os pesquisadores, em sua maioria, restringiram a discussão dos resultados apenas à significância estatística encontrada nas associações testadas.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the scientific literature in public oral health regarding calculation, presentation, and discussion of the effect size in observational studies. The scientific literature (2015 to 2019) was analyzed regarding: a) general information (journal and guidelines to authors, number of variables and outcomes), b) objective and consistency with sample calculation presentation; c) effect size (presentation, measure used and consistency with data discussion and conclusion). A total of 123 articles from 66 journals were analyzed. Most articles analyzed presented a single outcome (74%) and did not mention sample size calculation (69.9%). Among those who did, 70.3% showed consistency between sample calculation used and the objective. Only 3.3% of articles mentioned the term effect size and 24.4% did not consider that in the discussion of results, despite showing effect size calculation. Logistic regression was the most commonly used statistical methodology (98.4%) and Odds Ratio was the most commonly used effect size measure (94.3%), although it was not cited and discussed as an effect size measure in most studies (96.7%). It could be concluded that most researchers restrict the discussion of their results only to the statistical significance found in associations under study.

Longitudinal study for dental caries calibration of dentists unexperienced in epidemiological surveys

Abstract This study aimed to make a longitudinal analysis of interexaminer calibration reproducibility in diagnosing dental caries in posterior teeth, by examiners without previous experience in epidemiological studies. A group of 11 inexperienced examiners underwent theoretical-practical training and calibration assessments, assisted by a standard examiner. An examiner who did not participate directly in the research selected 5-year-old children with and without caries. The D3 diagnostic threshold was used to evaluate dental caries, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. The initial calibration (baseline) was performed after the theoretical-practical training session, and consisted of examining 20 children; the second calibration occurred three months later, and involved evaluating another 18 children. The interexaminer agreement was obtained by kappa statistics, and by overall percentage agreement. The paired t-test was applied to compare the values for kappa means and overall percentage agreement between the time points studied. At baseline, the values for kappa (> 0.81) and overall percentage agreement (> 95.63%) were considered high. At the 3-month calibration assessment, all the examiners showed some decrease in both kappa (p < 0.0001) and overall percentage agreement (p = 0.0102). The calibration process currently proposed by the WHO is effective. However, reproducibility was not maintained over time for inexperienced examiners evaluating the posterior teeth of 5-year-old children, under epidemiological conditions.

Factors associated with the proportion of abnormal results in screening mammograms: ecological study / Factores asociados a la proporción de resultados alterados en mamografías de tamizaje: estudio ecológico / Fatores associados a proporção de resultados alterados nas mamografias de rastreamento: estudo ecológico

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the factors associated with the proportion of abnormal results in screening mammograms. Methods: Ecological study, with data from DATASUS/SISCAN, Atlas Brasil do Desenvolvimento Humano, Fundação SEADE, and Sistema e-Gestor, from 2016 to 2019, of women aged 50 to 69 years in the 645 municipalities of São Paulo (Brazil). Independent variables were associated with the outcome: proportion of unsatisfactory coverage of abnormal test results (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System - BI-RADS® 0, 4 and 5 proportion >10% of tests performed). Multiple Poisson regression was used. Results: Higher proportion of screening mammography (PR=1.20; 95%CI: 1.00;1.45), higher percentage of poor (PR=1.20; 95%CI: 1.07;1.36), low (PR=1.57; 95%CI: 1.38;1.78) and medium coverage of the Family Health Strategy (ESF) (PR=1.30; 95%CI: 1.09;1.52) were associated to the outcome. Conclusion: Socioeconomic and FHS coverage factors mediate the proportion of mammograms with abnormal results in public health services. Therefore, they are important aspects in the fight against breast cancer.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores asociados a la proporción de resultados alterados en las mamografías de tamizaje. Métodos: Estudio ecológico, con datos de DATASUS/SISCAN, Atlas Brasil do Desenvolvimento Humano, Fundação SEADE y Sistema e-Gestor, de 2016 a 2019, de mujeres de 50 a 69 años en los 645 municipios de São Paulo (Brasil). Las variables independientes se asociaron con el resultado: proporción de cobertura insatisfactoria de resultados de pruebas alteradas (BreastImagingReporting and Data System - BI-RADS® 0, 4 y 5 proporción >10% de pruebas realizadas). Se utilizó la regresión de Poisson múltiple. Resultados: Mayor proporción de mamografía de tamizaje (RP=1,20; IC95%: 1,00;1,45), mayor porcentaje de mala (RP=1,20; IC95%: 1,07;1,36), baja (RP=1,57; IC95%: 1,38) ;1,78) y cobertura media de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia (ESF) (RP=1,30; IC95%: 1,09;1,52) se asociaron al desenlace. Conclusión: Factores socioeconómicos y de cobertura de la ESF median la proporción de mamografías alteradas en el servicio público. Por lo tanto, son aspectos importantes en la lucha contra CM.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados aproporção de resultados alterados nas mamografias de rastreamento. Métodos: Estudo ecológico, com dados do DATASUS/SISCAN, Atlas Brasil do Desenvolvimento Humano, Fundação SEADE, e Sistema e-Gestor, de 2016 a 2019, de mulheres de 50 a 69 anos dos 645 municípios de São Paulo (Brasil).Variáveis independentes foram associadas ao desfecho: proporção de cobertura insatisfatória de resultados de exames alterados (proporção Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System - BI-RADS® 0, 4 e 5 >10% dos exames realizados). Utilizou-se regressão múltipla de Poisson. Resultados: Maior proporção de mamografia de rastreamento (RP=1,20; IC95%: 1,00;1,45), maior porcentagem de pobres (RP=1,20; IC95%: 1,07;1,36), baixa (RP= 1,57; IC95%: 1,38;1,78) e média cobertura de Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) (RP=1,30; IC95%: 1,09;1,52) foram associados ao desfecho. Conclusão: Fatores socioeconômicos e de cobertura da ESF medeiam a proporção de mamografias alteradas no serviço público. Portanto, são aspectos importantes no combate ao câncer de mama.

Comparative evaluation of dental pulp tests in pulpal status diagnostics / Evaluación comparativa de pruebas de pulpa dental en el diagnóstico del estado pulpar

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and compare the accuracy of pulp tests in the diagnosis of teeth pulpal health. Material and Methods: Traumatized (n=71) and non-traumatized (n=71) teeth from 42 patients were evaluated. Each tooth underwent cold, heat, electric and oximetry tests, followed by radiographic examination and calculation of the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy. Results: Clinical and radiographic examination showed no alteration for the 71 teeth from the intact contralateral group. From the traumatized group, 29 teeth presented complete endodontic treatment, 17 presented periapical alterations that required endodontic treatment and 25 teeth did not present conclusive radiographic alteration. The cold test showed a significantly higher proportion of correct results, while the electric test showed a significantly lower proportion. The data showed higher accuracy for the cold, followed by oximeter and heat tests, while the electric test presented the lowest accuracy. Cold and oximeter tests proved superior over the electric and heat tests, while the electric test showed better parameters when diagnosing diseased pulp. Conclusion: Combining two pulp tests seems reasonable for improving the pulp diagnoses using both oximeter and cold or oximeter and heat tests to detect healthy pulp; or cold and electric tests to define diseased pulp.

Introducción: El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar la efectividad y comparar la precisión de las pruebas pulpares en el diagnóstico de la salud pulpar de los dientes. Material y Métodos: Se evaluaron dientes traumatizados (n=71) y no traumatizados (n=71) de 42 pacientes. Cada diente se sometió a pruebas de frío, calor, eléctricas y de oximetría, seguidas de examen radiográfico y cálculo de la sensibilidad, especificidad, VPP, VPN y precisión. Resultados: El examen clínico y radiográfico no mostró alteración en los 71 dientes del grupo contralateral intacto. Del grupo traumatizado, 29 dientes presentaron tratamiento endodóntico completo, 17 presentaron alteraciones peri-apicales que requirieron tratamiento endodóntico y 25 dientes no presentaron alteración radiográfica concluyente. La prueba en frío mostró una proporción significativamente mayor de resultados correctos, mientras que la prueba eléctrica mostró una proporción significativamente menor. Los datos mostraron mayor precisión para la prueba de frío, seguida de las pruebas de oxímetro y calor, mientras que la prueba eléctrica presentó la menor precisión. Las pruebas de frío y oxímetro demostraron ser superiores a las pruebas eléctricas y de calor, mientras que la prueba eléctrica mostró mejores parámetros al momento de diagnosticar pulpa enferma. Conclusión: La combinación de dos pruebas pulpares parece razonable para mejorar los diagnósticos pulpares utilizando tanto el oxímetro como las pruebas de frío u oxímetro y calor para detectar una pulpa sana; o pruebas de frío y eléctricas para definir pulpa enferma.

Quality of life and adherence to dental treatment in adolescents: a longitudinal analytical study

The study aimed to analyze the quality of life, oral health impact on daily activities and its association with adherence to dental treatment, and other factors, among vulnerable adolescents. It is a longitudinal analytical study performed with 15- to 19-year-old adolescents in the city of Piracicaba, São Paulo, from 2014 to 2015. The sample consisted of 476 adolescents referred for the treatment of caries and/or periodontal disease in family health units (initial phase). After 18 months, 325 individuals were assessed to investigate the dental treatment provided (final phase). The response variables considered in the final phase were the Quality of Life (WHOQOL-bref) and the Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) questionnaires. The independent variables analyzed were sex, age, treatment adherence, and family cohesion and adaptability. A multiple regression model was used. The data on the physical (p<0.0001), social (p=0.0003), environmental (p<0.0001), and psychological (p<0.0001) domains of the WHOQOL collected in the initial phase had a positive relationship with the same domains assessed in the final phase. The WHOQOL data of the initial phase were associated with the WHOQOL data of the final phase (p=0.0341). The OIDP data of the initial phase were associated with the OIDP data of the final phase (p<0.0001). The OIDP of volunteers who did not adhere to dental treatment showed a higher impact (p=0.0234). The quality of life and impacts on daily performances of adolescents improved between the evaluation periods.

Effect of bleaching gels with different thickeners under normal and hyposalivation conditions: in situ study

Abstract Bleaching gel thickeners induce important changes in tooth enamel and these changes are reversed by saliva. Objective This in situ study aimed to evaluate the effect of bleaching gels with different thickeners on tooth enamel under normal and hyposalivation conditions. Methodology Of 28 participants, 14 had normal salivary flow and 14 had low salivary flow. For each salivary flow, four types of treatment were performed with different thickeners: no bleaching (negative control), bleaching with a commercial 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) gel with carbopol (positive control) and bleaching with experimental 10% CP gels with natrosol and aristoflex. Participants used a palatal appliance containing bovine enamel/dentin specimens for 15 days. From day 2 to day 15, specimens were bleached extraorally. The bleaching gel was applied according to the groups for four hours. When the bleaching gel was removed, the palatal appliance was inserted again in the participants' mouth until the next day for another bleaching application. This procedure was repeated for 14 days and on day 15, surface microhardness (SMH), color (ΔE*ab and ΔE00), surface roughness (Ra), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) analyses were performed and data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results Neither salivary flow nor thickeners influenced ΔE*ab and ΔE00 results. Carbopol had the lowest SMH, the highest Ra, and the lowest Ca% among all groups. For normal flow, natrosol and aristoflex had higher SMH. For low flow, aristoflex had higher SMH and natrosol and aristoflex had lower Ra. Aristoflex had higher Ca% and Ca/P and differed from carbopol for normal flow. Conclusion For normal flow, 10% CP gels with natrosol and aristoflex caused fewer surface changes, and for low flow, only the 10% CP gel with aristoflex.

Proporção de exodontia no estado de São Paulo e sua relação com a cobertura da Equipe de Saúde Bucal / Proportion of dental extraction in the state of São Paulo and its relation with the coverage of the Oral Health Team

Resumo Introdução O conhecimento dos fatores relacionados à perda dentária contribui para o planejamento das ações preventivas realizadas pelas Equipes de Saúde Bucal (ESBs). Objetivo Avaliar o indicador de proporção de exodontia nos municípios do estado de São Paulo e a sua relação com os indicadores socioeconômicos e cobertura das ESBs. Método Estudo ecológico com dados secundários dos 645 municípios do estado de São Paulo do ano de 2012. A variável dependente foi o percentual de exodontia mensurado pelo indicador de proporção de exodontia em relação aos procedimentos individuais realizados pelas ESBs, disponibilizado pelo Sistema de Informação da Atenção Básica. Foram considerados como variáveis independentes a cobertura populacional estimada pelas ESBs, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) dos municípios per capita, o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e o Índice Paulista de Responsabilidade Social (IPRS). Foram aplicados modelos lineares generalizados, avaliados pelo p-valor do teste de Wald, AICC e grau de liberdade. Resultados Apresentaram maior proporção de extrações dentárias as cidades do estado de São Paulo com menor cobertura de ESBs (p < 0,0001), com menor valor de IDH (p < 0,0001) e com maior valor de IPRS (p = 0,0018). Conclusão A baixa cobertura de ESBs e as desigualdades socioeconômicas contribuem para aumentar as extrações dentárias no estado de São Paulo.

Abstract Background Knowledge about factors associated with tooth loss contributes to the planning of preventive actions carried out by Oral Health Teams (OHT). Objective To evaluate the proportion of dental extraction indicator in the cities of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and its relationship with socioeconomic indicators and coverage of the OHT. Method Ecological study using secondary data from 654 municipalities in the state of São Paulo conducted in 2012. The dependent variable was the percentage of dental extraction measured by the proportion of this indicator in relation to individual procedures performed by the OHT provided by the Primary Health Care (PHC) Information System. The population coverage by the OHT, the per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the Human Development Index (HDI), and the São Paulo Social Responsibility Index (IPRS) of the municipalities were evaluated as independent variables. Generalized linear models, formulated by the Wald test p-value, Corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc), and degree of freedom, were applied. Results Higher proportions of dental extraction were found in the municipalities with lower coverage by OHT (p<0.0001), lower HDI value (p<0.0001), and higher IPRS value (p=0. 0018). Conclusion Low coverage by OHT and socioeconomic inequalities contribute to increased proportion of dental extractions in the state of São Paulo.

Prevalence of Errors and Number of Retakes in Panoramic Radiography: Influence of Professional Training and Patient Characteristics

ABSTRACT: Panoramic radiography has clinical importance in several dental specialties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of professionals' experience and patient characteristics (age group and dental absence) in the prevalence of errors and the number of retakes in the panoramic radiography.771 panoramic radiographs were evaluated and classified according to the group of patients (children, dentulous adults, total edentulous adults, and anterior edentulous adults) and professionals who performed the technique (novice and experienced). The association between frequency and type of error, group of patients, professionals' experience, and number of retakes was performed by the Chi-square and Fisher's exact test (a=0.05). There was no significant association between the frequency of errors or retakes of the radiograph s and the professionals' experience or patients' characteristics (p<0.05). The errors "turned head" and "tongue not against the palate," "chin tipped low", "chin not resting on the support," "patient movement during exposure," and "lead apron artifact" showed significantly higher frequency of retake (p<0.05). The most frequent type of error was due to the failure to position the tongue against the palate for all patients and both groups of professionals. The frequency of errors in the panoramic radiography occurs regardless of the professionals' experience, and age and dental absence of the patients. Error occurs mainly due to the lack of patient collaboration, and the examination is rarely repeated by the professionals.

RESUMEN: La radiografía panorámica es de importancia clínica en varias especialidades dentales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la experiencia de los profesionales y las características de los pacientes (grupo etario y ausencia dentaria) en la prevalencia de errores y el número de repeticiones en la radiografía panorámica.771 radiografías panorámicas fueron evaluadas y clasificadas según la grupo de pacientes (niños, adultos desdentados, adultos desdentados totales y adultos desdentados anteriores) y profesionales que realizaron la técnica (novatos y experimentados). La asociación entre frecuencia y tipo de error, grupo de pacientes, experiencia de los profesionales y número de repeticiones se realizó mediante la prueba de Chicuadrado y exacta de Fisher (a = 0,05). No hubo asociación significativa entre la frecuencia de errores o repetición de las radiografías y la experiencia de los profesionales o las características de los pacientes (p <0,05). Los errores "cabeza girada" y "lengua no contra el paladar", "mentón inclinado hacia abajo", "mentón no apoyado en el soporte", "movimiento del paciente durante la exposición" y "artefacto del delantal de plomo" mostraron una frecuencia de repetición significativamente mayor (p < 0,05). El error más frecuente se debió a la falta de posicionamiento de la lengua contra el paladar para todos los pacientes y en ambos grupos de profesionales. La frecuencia de errores en la radiografía panorámica ocurre independientemente de la experiencia de los profesionales, edad y ausencia dentaria del pacientes. El error se produce principalmente por la falta de colaboración del paciente, y los profesionales rara vez repiten el examen.

Overdentures as an alternative to conventional dentures: a micro-costing analysis for Public Health Service in Brazil / Overdentures como alternativa às próteses convencionais: uma análise de micro-custeio para o Sistema Único de Saúde

Abstract This study aimed to estimate cost and compatibility with public financial incentives of two technologies for treating the edentulous mandible: lower complete dentures (CD) and overdentures retained by two dental implants (OD). This study consisted of a partial economic evaluation, with a micro-costing bottom-up approach for the calculation of direct costs. The estimates involved the number of consultations, proportion of materials, equipment, instruments' lifetime, and human resources, described in the price panel website of the Ministry of Economy in Brazil. Complementary information was obtained from a panel of experts. A sensitivity analysis was based on 20% variation. The estimated cost of a CD was R$ 189.89 (base scenario), and this varied between R$ 151.91 and R$ 227.89 according to sensibility analysis. The cost of an OD was R$ 663.05 (ranging from R$ 795.66 to R$ 530.44 - 1US=R$ 3.80/July 2019). The Ministry of Health covers appropriately the costs of the CD and OD. Both technologies showed costs that are within the limits of financial public incentives obtained by municipalities. The technologies are economically viable and should be induced through public policies due to their positive impacts on several functional domains of health.

Resumo Estimar os custos e a compatibilidade dos incentivos públicos de duas tecnologias para o tratamento da mandíbula edêntula: prótese total convencional (PTC) e overdenture retida por dois implantes (OD). Este estudo consistiu em uma avaliação econômica parcial, com abordagem "bottom-up" para o cálculo dos custos diretos. As estimativas levaram em consideração o número de consultas, proporção de materiais, equipamentos, vida útil dos instrumentais e recursos humanos. Os custos foram baseados no painel de preços do Ministério da Economia do Brasil e informações complementares foram obtidas de um painel de especialistas. Uma análise de sensibilidade foi baseada na variação de 20% dos custos. Os custos da PTC foram estimados em R$ 189,89 (cenário base) com variação entre R$ 151,91 e R$ 227,89 na análise de sensibilidade. Os custos da OD foram R$ 663,05 (variando de R$ 795,66 a R$ 530,44). O Ministério da Saúde cobre apropriadamente os custos de ambas as tecnologias nos cenários base e mais otimista. Ambas as tecnologias apresentaram custos dentro dos limites dos incentivos públicos recebidos. As tecnologias são economicamente viáveis e devem ser induzidas por políticas públicas diante do impacto positivo em vários domínios funcionais da saúde.

X-radiation does not affect the dental pulp: a morphological study in rats / A radiação X não afeta a polpa dentária: um estudo morfológico em ratos

Introduction: Radiotherapy is one of the methods used as a treatment for malignant tumors in the head and neck region and it can cause tissue damage in the irradiated areas. In head and neck radiotherapy, teeth are often included within the irradiation area and, consequently, the dental pulp; which receives high doses of radiation. Objective: To evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation on the pulp tissue of rat teeth. Methodology: A double-blind experimental assay with 35 Albinus Wistar rats divided into seven groups was performed; one control group, three groups irradiated with 15 Gy, and three groups irradiated with 25 Gy. The irradiated groups were submit-ted to a single dose of radiation and sacrificed 24 hours, 7 days, and 22 days after irradiation, respectively. The samples were evaluated for the morphological presence of inflammatory infiltrate, edema, necrosis, fibrosis, and degeneration of blood vessels. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests with p < 0.05. Results: Hyaline degeneration of the pulp blood vessels in the irradiated teeth was statistically signifi-cant in all irradiated groups. Inflammatory infiltrate, edema, necrosis or fibrosis was not observed. Conclusion:A single X-radiation dose is not able to affect the dental pulp connective tissue in the long term with no clinical damage.

Introdução: A radioterapia é um dos métodos utilizados como tratamento para tumores malignos em região de cabeça e pescoço e que pode causar danos aos tecidos nas áreas irradiadas. Na radioterapia de cabeça e pescoço, os dentes são comumente incluídos dentro da área de radiação e, consequentemente, a polpa dentária, recebe altas doses de radiação. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da radiação ionizante no tecido pulpar de dentes de ratos. Metodologia: Foi realizado um ensaio experimental duplo-cego com 35 ratos Albinus Wistar divididos em sete grupos: um grupo controle, três grupos irradiados com 15 Gy e três grupos irradiados com 25 Gy. Os grupos irradiados foram submetidos a uma dose única de radiação e sacrificados 24 horas, 7 dias e 22 dias após a irradiação, respectivamente. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto à presença morfológica de infiltrado inflamatório, edema, necrose, fibrose e degeneração nos vasos sanguíneos. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio dos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn com p < 0.05. Resultados: Degeneração hialina nos vasos sanguíneos pulpares dos dentes irradiados foi estatisticamente significante em todos os grupos irradiados. Não foi observado infiltrado inflamatório, edema, necrose ou fibrose. Conclusão: Uma dose única de radiação X não é capaz de afetar o tecido conjuntivo da polpa dentária a longo prazo sem danos clínicos.

Dental caries surveys: considerations about reproducibility / Inquéritos de cárie dentária: considerações sobre a reprodutibilidade

Aim:To evaluate the impact of the recording of teeth whose clinical conditions rarely vary (anterior teeth and third molars) in inter-examiner agreement measurements. Methods:Clinical data from 56 schoolchildren, 12 years of age, previously collected by two examiners, according to the "Oral Health Surveys: basic methods" codes and criteria, were analyzed in the present study. The effects from including/excluding such teeth upon reproducibility were measured by general percentage agreement (GPA) and Kappa statistics (к) performances. Results: The exclusion of anterior teeth associated with the inclusion of third molars produced a decrease in GPA that was simultaneous to an increase in the weighted Kappa (nominal data) and simple (dichotomous data) values. The incorrect inclusion of third molars (GPA = 100%; к = + 1) in the reproducibility measurement artificially increased the inter-examiner Kappa values. Conclusion: The inclusion/exclusion of anterior teeth and third molars, seeking a more reliable agreement among examiners, can have a positive or negative impact on the measured reproducibility values. A clear warning about the impact of including third molars in the reproducibility measurement, in the 12 years old age group, should be performed in "Oral Health Surveys: basic methods" and similar manuals.

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do registro de dentes anteriores e terceiros molares, cujas condições clínicas pouco variam, sobre as mensurações de concordância inter-examinadores. Métodos: Dados clínicos de 56 escolares de 12 anos de idade, previamente coletados por 2 examinadores, segundo os códigos e critérios expressos no "Levantamentos em Saúde Bucal: métodos básicos" foram analisados neste estudo. Os efeitos da inclusão/exclusão destes dentes sobre a concordância inter-examinadores foram mensurados calculando-se a porcentagem geral de concordância (GPA) e estatística Kappa (к). Resultados:A inclusão de terceiros molares aumentou a GPA para dados dicotomizados ou não. A exclusão de dentes anteriores diminuiu a GPA para dados dicotomizados ou não. Quando associada à inclusão de terceiros molares, sob perfeita concordância (к = +1), os valores de Kappa foram artificialmente aumentados tanto para dados dicotomizados quanto não-dicotomizados. Conclusão: A inclusão/exclusão de dentes anteriores e/ou de terceiros molares, no sentido de se evidenciar melhor as discordâncias entre examinadores, podem impactar positiva ou negativamente sobre a fidedignidade da reprodutibilidade mensurada. Uma advertência clara sobre o impacto da inclusão dos dentes terceiros molares no cálculo da reprodutibilidade, para a faixa etária de 12 anos, deveria estar presente no "Levantamentos em Saúde Bucal: métodos básicos" e manuais semelhantes.

Repercussões da epidemia de COVID-19 nos atendimentos odontológicos de urgência do Sistema Único de Saúde em Piracicaba, 2020 / Repercusiones de la epidemia de COVID-19 en la atención odontológica de emergencia del Sistema Único de Salud en Piracicaba, Brasil, 2020 / Repercussions of the COVID-19 epidemic on Brazilian National Health System urgent dental care in Piracicaba, Brazil, 2020

Objetivo: Avaliar as repercussões da pandemia de COVID-19 nos procedimentos realizados por um serviço público odontológico de urgência (SPOU). Métodos: Estudo transversal, utilizando-se dados do SPOU de Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, relativos a dois períodos, anterior (fevereiro e março de 2020) e durante a pandemia (março e abril de 2020). Diferenças no perfil de atendimentos, entre os períodos pré-COVID-19 e COVID-19 selecionados, de acordo com sexo, idade e procedimentos odontológicos, foram analisadas pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. Também foi calculado o tamanho do efeito Cramer's V. Resultados: Houve redução de 51% no número de atendimentos, entre o período anterior (n=824) e o período da pandemia de COVID-19 observado (n=404). O percentual de exodontias reduziu-se, de 14,7 para 8,9%, enquanto o de selamento provisório de cavidades aumentou de 22,9 para 33,2%, entre ambos períodos. Conclusão: A pandemia de COVID-19 repercutiu na quantidade e no padrão de procedimentos realizados pelo serviço odontológico de urgência do município.

Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en los procedimientos realizados por un servicio de odontología pública de emergencia (SOPE). Métodos: Estudio transversal, utilizando datos del SOPE de Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, para los períodos anteriores (febrero y marzo 2020) y durante la pandemia (marzo y abril 2020). Las diferencias en el perfil de atención entre los períodos Pre-COVID-19 y COVID-19, según sexo, edad y procedimientos dentales, se analizaron mediante la prueba Chi-cuadrado de Pearson. También se calculó el tamaño del efecto de Cramer V. Resultados: Hubo una reducción del 51% en el número de visitas entre el período anterior (n=824) y el período de la pandemia de COVID-19 (n=404). El porcentaje de extracciones se redujo del 14,7% al 8,9%, mientras que el porcentaje de sellado provisional de cavidades aumentó del 22,9% al 33,2%, entre estos períodos. Conclusión: La pandemia de COVID-19 afectó la cantidad y patrón de procedimientos realizados en el servicio de odontología de emergencia de la ciudad.

Objective: To evaluate the repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic on procedures performed by a public urgent dental care service (PUDS). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, using data from the PUDS in Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, prior to the pandemic (February-March 2020) and during the pandemic (March-April 2020). Differences in the care profile between the pre-COVID-19 period and the COVID-19 period, according to sex, age and dental procedures were analyzed using Pearson's Chi-square test. Effect size was also measured using Cramer's V. Results: There was a 51% reduction in the number of visits between the pre-COVID-19 period (n=824) and the COVID-19 period (n=404). The percentage of extractions reduced from 14.7% to 8.9%, while the percentage of temporary cavity fillings increased from 22.9% to 33.2%, between the two periods. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic had repercussions on the amount and pattern of procedures performed at the city's urgent dental care service.

Fatores associados ao uso não urgente de unidades de pronto atendimento: uma abordagem multinível / Factors associated with non-emergency use of Emergency Care Units: a multilevel approach

Resumo Introdução estudos no Brasil e em diversos países indicam que os serviços de urgência são frequentemente utilizados como portas de entrada para os sistemas de saúde, sobrecarregando-os e impactando na qualidade do serviço prestado à população. Entretanto, pouco se conhece sobre esse fenômeno nas unidades de pronto atendimento (UPAs) do nosso país. Objetivo investigar as variáveis associadas ao uso inadequado de duas UPAs em um município de grande porte. Método estudo transversal com uma amostra de 756 indivíduos que analisou as variáveis individuais, contextuais e dos serviços associadas ao uso inapropriado de UPAs por meio de um modelo de regressão logística múltipla e hierarquizada. Resultados o modelo final de regressão demonstrou que os indivíduos que apresentavam autopercepção de que sua condição era um caso de emergência e cuja idade era igual a ou acima de 60 anos apresentaram mais chances de procurarem esses serviços por motivos não urgentes. Conclusão variáveis individuais estiveram associadas ao uso não urgente dos serviços das UPAs. Estudos futuros de cunho qualitativo poderão auxiliar a compreender os motivos do uso inadequado desses serviços por tais indivíduos.

Abstract Background Studies in Brazil and in several countries indicate that emergency services are often used as gateways to health systems, overburdening them and impacting on the quality of service provided to the population. However, little is known about this phenomenon in the Emergency Care Units (EUCs) of our country. Objective To investigate the variables associated with the inadequate use of two EUCs in a large municipality. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 756 individuals that analyzed individual, contextual and service-related variables associated with the inappropriate use of EUCs through a hierarchical multiple logistic regression model. Results The final regression model showed that individuals who had self-perceived their condition as an emergency and whose age was equal to or older than 60 years presented high odds to seek these services for non-urgent reasons. Conclusions Individual variables were associated with non-urgent use of the ECUs. Future studies of a qualitative nature may help to understand the reasons for the inadequate use of these services by these individuals.

Self-Perception on the Institutionalized Elderly Need of Dental Prosthesis

Abstract Objective: To make an association between self-perception and the implementation of sociodemographic variables for the autonomous and / or partially dependent individuals in nursing homes. Material and Methods: Epidemiological, observational and cross-sectional study. The sample consisted of 208 institutionalized elderly, both sexes, 60 years old or older, independent or partially dependent, randomly selected from two long-term residential institutions. Subjective evaluation: self-perception questionnaire, Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index, quality of life assessment, Oral Impacts on Daily Performance (OIDP), oral health self-assessment (OH) and the need for dental prostheses. Bivariate analysis, chi-square test and multiple logistic regression were used, with the variables with p<0.05 remaining in the model. Results: Men were edentulous (53.43%), 68.75% used some type of denture, and 64.91% required dental prostheses, 60.58% self-assessed (OH) as good / excellent; who reported a need for dental prostheses presented 6.7 times (95% CI: 3.2-14.3) and more likely to have an impact on OIDP, those who needed prosthetics had a 2.8 times chance (95% CI: 1.3-6.1) (p<0.0001). The self-reported need for prostheses was associated with prevalence severity of impacts on QoL, eating, pronounce words correctly, Smile without feeling embarrassed; and the main reasons for not having badly adjusted teeth / dentures. Conclusion: The institutionalized elderly self-perceive the need for dental prostheses, but it does not have a negative impact on quality of life.

Effect of erosive challenge and cigarette smoke on dentin microhardness, surface morphology and bond strength / Efeito de desafios erosivos e fumaça de cigarro na microdureza, morfologia de superfície e resistência de união à dentina

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the surface microhardness and morphology, as well as the microshear bond strength of a self-etching adhesive (Clearfil SE, Kuraray) to eroded dentin, exposed or not to cigarette smoke. Forty dental crowns were divided into 4 groups (n = 10): no treatment (control) (C); erosion (E); erosion + cigarette smoke exposure (ES); cigarette smoke exposure (S). Samples were prepared through third molars polishing until dentin exposure, followed by crown section. Erosive cycles were performed 5 times/day for 30 s at 60 min intervals. Cigarette smoke was produced with twenty cigarettes/day, during 5 days. Microhardness was evaluated initially and after the treatments. Microshear bond strength was tested after the treatments and dentin restoration with flow composite. Failure patterns and dentin morphology was evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Microshear bond strength data was submitted to two-way ANOVA, microharness test was adjusted by gamma distribution to be a non-parametric analyses (p=0.05), and surface morphology as qualitative analyses. Loss percentage of microhardness was observed only in groups submitted to erosion. Bond strength was statistically similar between all groups. The most prevalent failure pattern was of adhesive type. Morphological analysis of dentin showed obliterated tubules in groups submitted to cigarette smoke exposure. Cigarette smoke exposure did not promote any effect in the percentage of microhardness loss, as in sound dentin as in eroded dentin. Cigarette smoke, erosion, and association of both, did not alter the bond strength of self-etching adhesives to dentin. (AU)

Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a microdureza (% perda de dureza) e morfologia de superfície (MS), assim como a resistência de união (RU) de um adesivo autocondicionante (Clearfil SE, Kuraray) à uma dentina erodida, exposta ou não à fumaça de cigarro. Material e Métodos: Quarenta coroas dentais de terceiros molares foram seccionadas da raiz e polidas até a exposição dentinária, sendo aleatoriamente divididas em 4 grupos (n=10): sem tratamento (controle), erosão (E), erosão+ exposição a fumaça de cigarro (ES); exposição a fumaça de cigarro (S).O ciclo erosivo foi realizado 5 vezes/dia por 30s, com 60 minutos de intervalo entre eles. Os grupos ES e S foram exposto à fumaça de cigarro produzida por 20 cigarros/dia, durante 5 dias. A avaliação da microdureza foi realizada antes e após os tratamentos, enquanto a resistência da união por microcisalhamento foi realizada após os tratamentos Os padrões de fratura representativos e a MS dentinária foram avaliados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os dados de RU foram analisados por ANOVA dois fatores, enquanto a análise de microdureza foi ajustada por distribuição gama por ser uma análise não-paramétrica (p=0.05). A MS foi analisada qualitativamente. Resultados: Os grupos expostos aos ciclos erosivos (E e ES) apresentaram % de perda de dureza significativamente menor que os grupos não expostos (Controle e S. aos ciclos erosivos (E e ES). Para RU, não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os grupos. O padrão de fratura mais observado foi do tipo adesivo, e através das imagens obtidas por MEV, observou-se a obliteração de túbulos dentinários no grupo exposto à fumaça de cigarro, enquanto os grupos submetidos aos ciclos erosivos (E e ES) apresentaram maior exposição e diâmetro de túbulos dentinários. Conclusão: A exposição à fumaça de cigarro não promove nenhum efeito quanto a perda de porcentagem de dureza dentinária, assim como em dentina erodida e saudável. A fumaça de cigarro, o processo erosivo, e a associação de ambos, não altera a resistência da união de adesivos autocondicionantes à dentina. (AU)

Effect of iontophoresis on fluoride uptake in enamel with artificial caries lesion

Abstract: Iontophoresis is a noninvasive technique, based on the application of a constant low-intensity electric current to facilitate the release of a variety of drugs, whether ionized or not, through biological membranes. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of iontophoresis using different electric current intensities on the uptake of fluoride in dental enamel with artificial caries lesions. In this in vitro operator-blind experiment, bovine enamel blocks (n = 10/group) with caries-like lesions and predetermined surface hardness were randomized into 6 groups: placebo gel without fluoride applied with a current of 0.8 mA (negative control), 2% NaF gel without application of any current, and 2% NaF gel applied with currents of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mA. Cathodic iontophoresis was applied for 4 min. The concentration of loosely bound fluoride (calcium fluoride) and firmly bound fluoride (fluorapatite) was determined. The results were analyzed by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. Iontophoresis at 0.8 mA, combined with the application of fluoridated gel (2% NaF), increased fluoride uptake in enamel with caries-like lesions, as either calcium fluoride or fluorapatite.

Influência dos índices socioeconômicos municipais nas taxas de mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe em idosos no estado de São Paulo / Influence of municipal socioeconomic indices on mortality rates for oral and oropharyngeal cancer in older adults in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

RESUMO: Introdução: O câncer de boca e o câncer de orofaringe são doenças influenciadas por fatores socioeconômicos. O risco de desenvolver essas doenças aumenta com a idade, e a maioria dos casos ocorre em idosos, com elevadas taxas de mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência dos índices socioeconômicos municipais nas taxas de mortalidade por câncer de boca (CB) e de orofaringe (CO) em idosos nas 645 cidades do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, nos anos de 2013 a 2015. Método: Dados secundários de óbitos foram obtidos pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) do Ministério da Saúde. O número de idosos e os valores da renda média per capita e do índice de desenvolvimento humano por município (IDH-M) foram obtidos a partir dos dados da Fundação SEADE. Realizou-se a análise descritiva e exploratória dos dados, seguida de modelos binomiais negativos descritos pelo procedimento PROC GENMOD e avaliados pelo critério de informação de Akaike corrigido (AICc), pelo grau de liberdade e pelo teste de Wald (α=0,05). Resultados: Cerca de 30% das cidades notificaram óbitos em 2013, 16,74% em 2014 e 18,61% em 2015. Astaxas médias de mortalidade por CB e CO foram, respectivamente, de 20,0 (± 30,9) e 10,7 (± 17,5) por 100milhabitantes. A renda média variou de R$ 434,20 a R$ 2.009,00 e o IDH-M, de 0,65 a 0,89. Houve decréscimo significativo (p < 0,05) nas taxas de mortalidade por CB e CO em idosos com o aumento dos valores das rendas médias e do IDH-M. Conclusão: As desigualdades socioeconômicas das cidades influenciam nas taxas de mortalidade por CB e CO em idosos.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Oral and oropharyngeal cancer are diseases strongly influenced by socioeconomic factors. The risk of developing these diseases increases with age and most cases occur in the elderly, with higher mortality rates. This study aimed to analyze the influence of municipal socioeconomic indices on mortality rates for oral (OC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) in elderly residents from 645 cities in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2013 to 2015. Method: Secondary data on deaths were obtained in the Mortality Information System from the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The number of elderly, as well as per capita median income values and Human Development Index by municipality (HDI-M) values were obtained from data by the SEADE Foundation. Descriptiveand exploratory analysis of data was performed, followed by negative binomial models described by the Proc Genmod procedure and evaluated by the corrected AIC (Akaike Information Criterion), the likelihood level, and the Wald test (α = 0.05). Results: Around 30% of the cities notified deaths in 2013, 16.74% in 2014, and 18.61% in 2015. Founded mortality mean rates from OC and OPC were, respectively, 20.0 (± 430.9) and 10.7 (± 17.5) deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. Meanincome ranged, in local currency, from 434.2 to 2,009.00. HDI-M ranged from 0.65 to 0.89. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in mortality rates for OC and OPC in elderly with the increase in the cities' mean income and HDI-M values. Conclusion: Socioeconomic inequalities in the cities the on mortality rates for OC and OPC in elderly residents.

Malocclusion and dental appearance in underprivileged Brazilian adolescents

Abstract Satisfaction with dental aesthetics is a subjective indicator used in epidemiological studies and is related to health behaviours. Little is known about the factors that influence this indicator, particularly among adolescents who live in a situation of social vulnerability. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between malocclusion and dental appearance in underprivileged Brazilian adolescents. This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in Piracicaba, Brazil, and evaluated 884 adolescents from 13 to 19 years of age. The dependent variable was satisfaction with dental appearance, and the independent variables were classified as individual (components of the Dental Aesthetic Index - DAI, sex and age) and contextual (social exclusion index). For statistical analysis, multilevel regression models were estimated. The individual variables were considered Level 1, and the contextual variable was considered Level 2, with a level of significance of 5%. The mean age of the adolescents was 15.3 years. Female adolescents more frequently affirmed that they were satisfied with their dental appearance than did male individuals. There was an increase in dissatisfaction with oral health with the increase in anterior maxillary overjet, midline diastema, larger anterior irregularity in the maxilla, larger anterior irregularity in the mandible, anterior open bite and antero-posterior molar relation. Satisfaction with dental appearance was associated with individual factors such as sex and DAI components.

Notification of cases of HIV/AIDS among the elderly in the state of Ceará: the historical sequence between 2005 and 2014 / Notificação de casos de HIV/AIDS em idosos no estado do Ceará: série histórica entre os anos de 2005 a 2014

Objective: to describe the historical sequence and characteristics of reported cases of HIV/AIDS among the elderly in the state of Ceará from 2005 to 2014. Method: a descriptive study was carried out, based on the Ministry of Health database, available in SINAN (Disease Cases Notification Information System) from January 2005 to December 2014. The variables studied were: gender, race, schooling, marital status and exposure category. Result: a total of 10,299 new cases were reported in the state, 1.5% (151) of which related to the elderly. The majority of those affected lived in Fortaleza (85.6%), were aged between 60 and 69 years (86.8%), were male (60.9%), brown (61.6%), had a level of schooling below unfinished elementary (42%), were heterosexual (85.4%) and had a marital status of married (29.3%). The proportion of male/female cases peaked in 2005 (5.5: 1) and declined thereafter reaching an average value of 0.8: 1 in the period between 2008 and 2011, then increased again, reaching 3.3: 1 in 2014. The highest coefficients were observed in the groups with lower schooling. Conclusion: according to the notifications during the period evaluated, AIDS among the elderly showed a tendency of growth among men, aged between 60 and 69 years old, who were heterosexual, less educated and married. This justifies the strengthening of specific strategies aimed at this population with the objective of tackling the disease.

Objetivo: descrever a série histórica e as características dos casos notificados de HIV/AIDS em idosos do Estado do Ceará, no período de 2005 a 2014. Método: trata-se de um estudo de caráter descritivo, realizado a partir das bases de dados do Ministério da Saúde, disponíveis no SINAN (Sistema de Informações de Agravos de Notificação), no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2014. As variáveis estudadas foram: sexo, raça, escolaridade, situação conjugal e categoria de exposição. Resultado: no período do estudo, de um total de 10.299 novos casos notificados no Estado, 1,5% (151) referiu-se a idosos, a maioria de pessoas residentes em Fortaleza (85,6%), com idade entre 60 e 69 anos (86,8%), do sexo masculino (60,9%), de raça parda (61,6%), escolaridade inferior ao fundamental incompleto (42%), com comportamento heterossexual (85,4%) e estado civil casado (29,3%). A proporção de casos homem/mulher teve seu pico em 2005 (5,5:1) reduzindo a partir daí, atingindo o valor médio de 0,8:1 no período entre 2008 e 2011, e voltando a aumentar, chegando a 3,3:1 em 2014. Os maiores coeficientes foram observados nos grupos com menor escolaridade. Conclusão: devido ao crescimento observado de casos notificados entre homens, na faixa etária entre 60 e 69 anos, heterossexuais, de menor escolaridade e casados justifica-se o desenvolvimento de ações específicas para essa população, visando ao enfrentamento da doença.

Associação entre o tipo de aleitamento na alta hospitalar do recém-nascido e aos seis meses de vida / Association between type of breastfeeding of newborns at hospital discharge and at six months of age

Resumo Introdução Os índices de aleitamento materno no Brasil permanecem muito abaixo dos considerados ideais, fazendo-se necessário o entendimento das variáveis envolvidas na fragmentação do aleitamento ao longo dos meses de vida da criança. Objetivo Objetivou-se, neste estudo, verificar a associação entre o tipo de aleitamento no momento da alta hospitalar do recém-nascido e a prática da amamentação aos seis meses de vida. Método Estudo transversal, com dados coletados do prontuário clínico de 301 crianças participantes de um programa de incentivo ao aleitamento materno. Foram considerados os fatores de risco e de proteção ao aleitamento, tais como: idade dos pais, presença do companheiro, paridade, renda familiar, permanência em alojamento conjunto, tempo decorrido do nascimento até a primeira mamada, tempo de hospitalização, tipo de amamentação na alta hospitalar e uso de chupeta ao longo dos seis meses de vida. Resultados Os resultados mostraram haver associação significativa entre aleitamento materno exclusivo na alta hospitalar e aos seis meses de idade (p=0,0205). Conclusão A observação desses dados permite concluir que é importante que, ao deixar a maternidade, o bebê esteja em amamentação exclusiva, pois, dessa forma, terá 2,5 vezes mais chances de manter esse tipo de aleitamento até os seis meses de vida.

Abstract Introduction Breastfeeding rates in Brazil remain far below those considered ideal, making it necessary understanding the variables involved in the fragmentation of this process over the months of a child's life. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the association between type of breastfeeding of newborns at hospital discharge and at six months of age. Method A cross-sectional study with data collected from the medical records of 301 children participating in a program to encourage exclusive breastfeeding. The study considered risk and protection factors to breastfeeding such as age of parents, presence of mate, parity, family income, stay in room, time elapsed from birth to first breastfeeding, hospitalization time, type of breastfeeding at hospital discharge, and use of pacifier until the age of six months. Results The results revealed significant correlation between exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge and at six months of age (p=0.0205). Conclusion Observation of data enabled the following conclusion: it is important that newborns undergo exclusive breastfeeding after hospital discharge because, this way, they will be 2.5 times more likely to maintain this type of feeding until the age of six months.